052035 Basic Starter V2.0 Kit for Arduino

Inland 052035 Basic Starter V2.0 Kit for Arduino

Kit Introduction

This Basic Starter V2.0 upgraded kit is developed specially for those who are interested in Arduino. You will have a set of Arduino's most common and useful electronic components.
What's more, we will offer you a detailed tutorial including project introduction, connection diagram, source code and more. You may learn about Arduino from basic projects to more complex projects. This kit will help you control the physical world with sensors.

Kit Contents

No.	Product Name	Quantity	Picture
1	UNO R3 Board	5
1	LED - Blue	5
2	LED - Red	5
3	LED - Yellow	5
4	LED - RGB	1
5	220Ω resistor	8
6	10KΩ resistor	5
7	1KΩ resistor	5
8	Rotary potentiometer	1
9	Buzzer (active)	1
10	Buzzer (passive)	1
11	Large button switch	4
12	Ball tilt sensor	2
13	Photo Resistor	3
14	Flame sensor	1
15	LM35 Temp Sensor	1
16	IC 74HC595N 16-pin DIP chip	1
17	1-digit LED module	1
18	4-digit LED module	1
19	8*8 LED Matrix	1
20	1602 LCD display	1
21	IR receiver	1
22	IR remote control	1
23	Servo Motor	1
24	Pin headers	40
25	830 hole Breadboard	1
26	Jumper Wire	30
27	6-cell AA Battery pack	1
28	USB cable	1
29	L293D chip	1
30	Relay module	1
31	PIR Motion Sensor	1
32	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor	1
33	DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor	1
34	Motor	1
35	Fan Leaf	1
36	Resistance color ring meter	1

Getting Started with Arduino

Installing Arduino Software

When you get the UNO development board, first you should install the Arduino software and driver.
We usually use the Windows software Arduino 1.5.6 version. You can download it from the link below:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/OldSoftwareReleases#1.5.x
Or you can browse the ARDUINO website to download the latest version from this link, https://www.arduino.cc, pop up the following interface.

Then click the SOFTWARE on the browse bar, you will have two options ONLINE TOOLS and DOWNLOADS.

Click DOWNLOADS, it will appear the latest software version of ARDUINO 1.8.5 shown as below.

In this software page, on the right side you can see the version of development software for different operating systems. ARDUINO has a powerful compatibility. You should download the software that is compatible with the operating system of your computer.
We will take WINDOWS system as an example here. There are also two options under Windows system, one is installed version, the other is non-installed version. For simple installed version, first click Windows Installer, you will get the following page.

This way you just need to click JUST DOWNLOAD, then click the downloaded file to install it.
For non-installed version, first click Windows ZIP file, you will also get the pop-up interface as the above figure.
Click JUST DOWNLOAD, and when the ZIP file is downloaded well to your computer, you can directly unzip the file and click the icon of ARDUINO software to start it.

Installing Arduino (Windows)

Install Arduino with the exe. Installation package. Here we provide you with Arduino-1.5.6-r2-windows package, you can directly click the icon to install it.

Click“I Agree”to see the following interface.

Click “Next”. Pop up the interface below.

You can press Browse… to choose an installation path or directly type in the directory you want.
Then click “Install” to initiate installation.

Wait for the installing process, if appear the interface of Window Security, just continue to click Install to finish the installation.

All right, up to now, you have completed the Arduino setup! The following icon will appear on your PC desktop.

Double-click the icon of Arduino to enter the desired development environment shown as below.


The functions of each button on the Toolbar are listed below:

Verify/Compile	Check the code for errors
Upload	Upload the current Sketch to the Arduino
New	Create a new blank Sketch
Open	Show a list of Sketches
Save	Save the current Sketch
Serial Monitor	Display the serial data being sent from the Arduino

Installing Driver

Next, we will introduce the driver installation for development board. The driver installation may have slight differences in different computer systems. So in the following let’s move on to the driver installation in the WIN 7 system.
The Arduino folder contains both the Arduino program itself and the drivers that allow the Arduino to be connected to your computer by a USB cable. Before we launch the Arduino software, you are going to install the USB drivers.

Plug one end of your USB cable into the Arduino and the other into a USB socket on your computer.
When you connect the UNO board to your computer at the first time, right click the icon of your “Computer” —>for “Properties”—> click “Device manager”, under “Other Devices”, you should see an icon for “Unknown device” with a little yellow warning triangle next to it. This is your Arduino.


Then right-click on the device and select the top menu option (Update Driver Software...) shown as the figure below..

It will then be prompted to either “Search Automatically for updated driversoftware” or “Browse my computer for driver software”. Shown as below.
In this page, select “Browse my computer for driver software”.

After that, select the option to browseand navigate to the “drivers” folder of Arduino installation.

Click “Next” and you may get a security warning, if so, allow the software to be installed. Shown as below.

Once the software has been installed, you will get a confirmation message. Installation completed, click “Close”.

Up to now, the driver is installed well. Then you can right click “Computer” —>“Properties”—>“Device manager”, you should see the device as the figure shown below.

UNO Platform

Overview
It is very simple. You can use only a main board and a USB cable to display the “Hello World!”. It is a communication experiment between the control board and PC. This is an entry experiment for you to enter the Arduino programming world.
Note that need to use a serial communication software, Arduino IDE.
In the above part, you can check the detailed use of Arduino IDE.

Component Required

• UNO R3 control board*1
• USB cable*1

Component Introduction

UNO R3 control board] is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet), fully compatible with ARDUINO UNO REV3. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, 2 ICSP headers and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Connect It Up
Connect the UNO board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED should go on.

Upload the Code
Below is an example code for displaying the Hello World!

int val;
int ledpin=13;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
val=Serial.read();
if(val=='R')
{
digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);
delay(500);
Serial.println("Hello World!");
}
}

Select the Arduino Board
Open the Arduino IDE, you’ll need to click the “Tools”, then select the Board that corresponds to your Arduino.

Select your serial port
Select the serial device of the Arduino board from the Tools | Serial Port menu.
Note: to avoid errors, the COM Port should keep the same as the Ports shown on Device Manager.

Then click verify button to check the errors. If compiling successfully, the message "Done compiling." will appear in the status bar.

After that, click the “Upload” button to upload the code. Wait a few seconds - you should see the RX and TX leds on the board flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done uploading." will appear in the status bar.

(Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you'll need to physically present the reset button on the board immediately before pressing the upload button.)

Open the Serial Monitor
After that, click the serial monitor button to open the serial monitor.

Then set the baud rate as 9600, enter an “R” and click Send, you should see the RX led on the board blink once, and then D13 led blink once, finally "Hello World!" is showed on the monitor, and TX led blink once.
Congrats! Your first simple program is complete.

Project Details

Project 1: Hello World

Introduction
As for starters, we will begin with something simple. In this project, you only need an Arduino and a USB cable to start the "Hello World!" experiment.
This is a communication test of your Arduino and PC, also a primer project for you to have your first try of the Arduino world!

Hardware required

• Arduino board x1
• USB cable x1

Sample program
After installing driver for Arduino, let's open Arduino software and compile code that enables Arduino to print "Hello World!" under your instruction.
Of course, you can compile code for Arduino to continuously echo "Hello World!" without instruction.
A simple If () statement will do the instruction trick. With the onboard LED connected to pin 13, we can instruct the LED to blink first when Arduino gets an instruction and then prints "Hello World!”.

int val;//define variable val
int ledpin=13;// define digital interface 13
void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(9600);// set the baud rate at 9600 to match the software set up. When connected to a specific device, (e.g. bluetooth), the baud rate needs to be the same with it.
  pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);// initialize digital pin 13 as output. When using I/O ports on an Arduino, this kind of set up is always needed.
}
void loop()
{
  val=Serial.read();// read the instruction or character from PC to Arduino, and assign them to Val.
  if(val=='R')// determine if the instruction or character received is “R”.
  {  // if it’s “R”,    
    digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH);// set the LED on digital pin 13 on. 
    delay(500);
digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);// set the LED on digital pin 13 off.    delay(500);

    Serial.println("Hello World!");// display“Hello World！”string.
  }
}

Result Show




Done compiling and uploading the code, click to open serial port monitor and set the baud rate to 9600. Enter an “R” and click Send. LED 13 will blink once, and your PC will receive information from Arduino: Hello World.

Now, the experiment is complete, so easy!

Note: if upload failed?
Check whether you select the correct Board and Port in Tools.

Project 2: LED blinking

Introduction
Blinking LED experiment is quite simple. In the "Hello World!" program, we have come across LED. This time, we are going to connect an LED to one of the digital pins rather than using the built-in LED13 of UNO board. Except an Arduino and an USB cable, we will need extra parts below.

Hardware required

• Arduino board *1
• Red M5 LED*1
• 220Ω resistor*1
• Breadboard*1
• USB cable *1
• Jumper wire* 2

We follow the connection diagram below to connect the components.
Here we use digital pin 10. We connect LED to a 220ohm resistor to avoid high current damaging the LED.

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

Sample program

int ledPin = 10; // define digital pin 10.
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);// define pin with LED connected as output.
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // set the LED on.
delay(1000); // wait for a second.
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // set the LED off.
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

Test Result
After downloading this program, in the experiment, you will see the LED connected to pin 10 turning on and off, with an interval approximately one second.
The blinking LED experiment is now completed. Thank you!

Project 3: PWM

Introduction
PWM, short for Pulse Width Modulation, is a technique used to encode analog signal level into digital ones.
A computer cannot output analog voltage but only digital voltage values such as 0V or 5V. So we use a high resolution counter to encode a specific analog signal level by modulating the duty cycle of PMW.

The PWM signal is also digitalized because in any given moment, fully on DC power supply is either 5V (ON), or 0V (OFF).
The voltage or current is fed to the analog load (the device that uses the power) by repeated pulse sequence being ON or OFF. Being on, the current is fed to the load; being off, it's not.

With adequate bandwidth, any analog value can be encoded using PWM. The output voltage value is calculated via the on and off time.
Output voltage = (turn on time/pulse time) * maximum voltage value

PWM has many applications: lamp brightness regulating, motor speed regulating, sound making, etc.

The following are the three basic parameters of PMW:

• 1. The amplitude of pulse width (minimum / maximum)
• 2. The pulse period (The reciprocal of pulse frequency in 1 second)
• 3. The voltage level (such as 0V-5V )

There are 6 PMW pins on Arduino board, namely digital pin 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.
In previous experiments, we have done "button-controlled LED", using digital signal to control digital pin.
This time, we will use a potentiometer to control the brightness of LED.

Hardware required

• Arduino board *1
• Potentiometer *1
• Red M5 LED *1
• 220Ω resistor *1
• Breadboard *1
• USB cable *1
• Breadboard jumper wire * 6

The input of potentiometer is analog, so we connect it to analog port, and LED to PWM port. Different PWM signal can regulate the brightness of the LED.

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

Sample Code:
In the program compiling process, we will use the analogWrite (PWM interface, analog value) function.
In this experiment, we will read the analog value of the potentiometer and assign the value to PWM port, so there will be corresponding change to the brightness of the LED.
One final part will be displaying the analog value on the monitor window.
You can consider this as the "analog value reading" project adding the PWM analog value assigning part.
Below is a sample program for your reference.

int potpin=0;// initialize analog pin 0
int ledpin=11;//initialize digital pin 11（PWM output）
int val=0;// Temporarily store variables' value from the sensor
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);// define digital pin 11 as “output”
Serial.begin(9600);// set baud rate at 9600
// attention: for analog ports, they are automatically set up as “input”
}
void loop()
{

val=analogRead(potpin);// read the analog value from the sensor and assign it to val
Serial.println(val);// display value of val
analogWrite(ledpin,val/4);// turn on LED and set up brightness（maximum output of PWM is 255）
delay(10);// wait for 0.01 second
}

Test Result
After uploading the program to the board, rotate the potentiometer knob, you can see the changes of displaying value, and also obvious change of LED brightness.

Project 4: Traffic light

Introduction
In the previous program, we have done the LED blinking experiment with one LED. Now, it’s time to up the stakes and do a bit more complicated experiment-traffic lights. Actually, these two experiments are similar. While in this traffic lights experiment, we use 3 LEDs with different colors rather than 1 LED.

Hardware required

• Arduino board *1
• USB cable *1
• Red M5 LED*1
• Yellow M5 LED*1
• Green M5 LED*1
• 220Ω resistor *3
• Breadboard*1
• Breadboard jumper wires* several

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

Sample program
Since it is a simulation of traffic lights, the blinking time of each LED should be the same with those in traffic lights system.
In this program, we use Arduino delay () function to control delay time, which is much simpler than C language.

int redled =10; // initialize digital pin 8.
int yellowled =7; // initialize digital pin 7.
int greenled =4; // initialize digital pin 4.
void setup()
{
pinMode(redled, OUTPUT);// set the pin with red LED as “output”
pinMode(yellowled, OUTPUT); // set the pin with yellow LED as “output”
pinMode(greenled, OUTPUT); // set the pin with green LED as “output”
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(greenled, HIGH);//// turn on green LED
delay(5000);// wait 5 seconds

digitalWrite(greenled, LOW); // turn off green LED
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)// blinks for 3 times
{
delay(500);// wait 0.5 second
digitalWrite(yellowled, HIGH);// turn on yellow LED
delay(500);// wait 0.5 second
digitalWrite(yellowled, LOW);// turn off yellow LED
} 
delay(500);// wait 0.5 second
digitalWrite(redled, HIGH);// turn on red LED
delay(5000);// wait 5 seconds
digitalWrite(redled, LOW);// turn off red LED
}

Test Result
When the uploading process is completed, you can see your own traffic light design.
The green light will be on for 5 seconds, and then off, followed by the yellow light blinking for 3 times, and then the red light on for 5 seconds, forming a cycle. Cycle then repeats.
Experiment is now completed. Thank you.
Note: this circuit design is very similar with the following LED chasing effect.

Project 5: LED chasing

LED

Introduction
We often see billboards composed of colorful LEDs. They are constantly changing to form various light effects. In this experiment, we compile a program to simulate LED chasing effect.
The long lead of LED is the positive side; short lead is negative.

Hardware required

• Led *6
• Arduino board *1
• 220Ω resistor *6
• Breadboard *1
• USB cable*1
• Breadboard wire *13

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

Sample Code:

int BASE = 2 ;  // the I/O pin for the first LED
int NUM = 6;   // number of LEDs
void setup()
{
   for (int i = BASE; i < BASE + NUM; i ++) 
   {
     pinMode(i, OUTPUT);   // set I/O pins as output
   }
}
void loop()
{
   for (int i = BASE; i < BASE + NUM; i ++) 
   {
     digitalWrite(i, LOW);    // set I/O pins as “low”, turn off LEDs one by one.
     delay(200);        // delay
   }
   for (int i = BASE; i < BASE + NUM; i ++) 
   {
     digitalWrite(i, HIGH);    // set I/O pins as “high”, turn on LEDs one by one
     delay(200);        // delay
   }  
}

Result
You can see the LEDs blink by sequence.

Project 6: Button-controlled LED

Introduction
I/O port means interface for INPUT and OUTPUT. Up until now, we have only used the OUTPUT function.
In this experiment, we will try to use the input function, which is to read the output value of device. We use 1 button and 1 LED using both input and output to give you a better understanding of the I/O function.
Button switches, familiar to most of us, are a switch value (digital value) component. When it's pressed, the circuit is in closed (conducting) state.

Hardware required

• Button switch *1
• Red M5 LED *1
• 220Ω resistor *1
• 10KΩ resistor *1
• Breadboard *1
• USB cable *1
• Breadboard jumper wire * 6

Connection for UN RO3/2560 R3:

Sample program
Now, let's begin the compiling. When the button is pressed, the LED will be on. After the previous study, the coding should be easy for you. In this program, we add a statement of judgment. Here, we use an if () statement.
Arduino IDE is based on C language, so statements of C language such as while, switch can certainly be used for Arduino program.
When we press the button, pin 7 will output high level. We can program pin 11 to output high level and turn on the LED.
When pin 7 outputs low level, pin 11 also outputs low level and the LED remains off.

int ledpin=11;// initialize pin 11
int inpin=7;// initialize pin 7
int val;// define val
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);// set LED pin as “output”
pinMode(inpin,INPUT);// set button pin as “input”

}
void loop()
{
val=digitalRead(inpin);// read the level value of pin 7 and assign if to val
if(val==LOW)// check if the button is pressed, if yes, turn on the LED
{ digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);}
else
{ digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH);}
}

Result
When the button is pressed, LED is on; otherwise, LED remains off. Congrats! the button controlled LED experiment is completed.
The simple principle of this experiment is widely used in a variety of circuit and electric appliances. You can easily come across it in your every day life.
One typical example is when you press a certain key of your phone, the backlight will be on.

Project 7: Active buzzer

Introduction
Active buzzer is a sound making element, widely used on computer, printer, alarm, electronic toy, telephone, timer, etc.
It has an inner vibration source. Simply connect it with 5V power supply, it can buzz continuously.

Hardware required

• Buzzer *1
• Arduino board *1
• Breadboard *1
• USB cable *1
• Breadboard jumper wires * 2

Connection for UNO R3/2560 R3:


When connecting the circuit, pay attention to the positive and negative poles of the buzzer. In the photo, you can see there are red and black lines. When the circuit is finished, you can begin programming.

Sample program
Program is simple. You control the buzzer by outputting high/low level.

int buzzer=8;// initialize digital IO pin that controls the buzzer
void setup() 
{ 
  pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);// set pin mode as “output”
} 
void loop() 
{
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); // produce sound
}

Result
After downloading the program, the buzzer experiment is completed.
You can hear the buzzer is ringing.

Project 8: Passive buzzer

Introduction
We can use Arduino to make many interactive works of which the most commonly used is acoustic-optic display.
All the previous experiment has something to do with LED. However, the circuit in this experiment can produce sound. Normally, the experiment is done with a buzzer or a speaker while buzzer is more simpler and easier to use.
The buzzer we introduced here is a passive buzzer. It cannot be actuated by itself, but by external pulse frequencies. Different frequencies produce different sounds. We can use Arduino to code the melody of a song, which is quite fun and simple.

Hardware required

• Passive buzzer*1
• Arduino board *1
• Breadboard*1
• USB cable *1
• Breadboard jumper wire * 2

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

Sample Code:

int buzzer=8;// select digital IO pin for the buzzer
void setup() 
{ 
pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);// set digital IO pin pattern, OUTPUT to be output 
} 
void loop() 
{ unsigned char i,j;//define variable
while(1) 
{ for(i=0;i<80;i++)// output a frequency sound
{ digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);// sound
delay(1);//delay1ms 
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);//not sound

delay(1);//ms delay 
} 

for(i=0;i<100;i++)// output a frequency sound
{ 
digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);// sound
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);//not sound
delay(2);//2ms delay 
}
} 
} 

Result
After downloading the program, buzzer experiment is finished. You can hear the buzzer beep.

Project 9: RGB LED

Introduction:
Tricolor principle to display various colors;
PWM controlling ports to display full color;
Can be driven directly by Arduino PWM interfaces.

Hardware Required:

• Arduino controller × 1
  
• USB cable × 1
  
• Full-color LED module × 1
  

Connection for UNO R3/2560 R3:

Sample Code:

int redpin = 11; //select the pin for the red LED
int bluepin =10; // select the pin for the blue LED
int greenpin =9;// select the pin for the green LED

int val;

void setup() {
  pinMode(redpin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(bluepin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(greenpin, OUTPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() 
{
for(val=255; val>0; val--)
  {
   analogWrite(11, val);
   analogWrite(10, 255-val);
   analogWrite(9, 128-val);
   delay(1); 
  }
for(val=0; val<255; val++)
  {
   analogWrite(11, val);
   analogWrite(10, 255-val);
   analogWrite(9, 128-val);
   delay(1); 
  }
 Serial.println(val, DEC);
}

Result:
Directly copy the above code into arduino IDE, and click upload , wait for a few seconds, you can see a full-color LED.

Project 10: Photo Resistor

Introduction:
After completing all the previous experiments, you may acquire some basic understanding and knowledge about Arduino application. We have introduced digital input and output, analog input and PWM. Now, let's begin the learning of sensors applications.
Photo resistor (Photovaristor) is a resistor whose resistance varies from the different incident light strength. It's made based on the photoelectric effect of semiconductor. If the incident light is intense, its resistance reduces; if the incident light is weak, the resistance increases.
Photovaristor is commonly applied in the measurement of light, light control and photovoltaic conversion (convert the change of light into the change of electricity).
Photo resistor is also widely applied to various light control circuit, such as light control and adjustment, optical switches, etc.
We will start with a relatively simple experiment regarding to photovaristor application. Photovaristor is an element that will change its resistance as light strength changes. So need to read the analog values.
You can refer to the PWM experiment, replacing the potentiometer with photovaristor. When there is change in light strength, it will cause corresponding change on the LED.

Hardware Required:

• Photo resistor*1
  
• Red M5 LED*1
  
• 10KΩresistor*1
  
• 220Ωresistor*1
  
• Breadboard*1
  
• Breadboard jumper wires*several
  

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

Sample Code:
After the connection, let's begin the program compiling. The program is similar to the one of PWM.
For change detail, please refer to the sample program below.

int potpin=0;// initialize analog pin 0, connected with photovaristor
int ledpin=11;// initialize digital pin 11, output regulating the brightness of LED
int val=0;// initialize variable va
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);// set digital pin 11 as “output”
Serial.begin(9600);// set baud rate at “9600”
}
void loop()
{
val=analogRead(potpin);// read the analog value of the sensor and assign it to val
Serial.println(val);// display the value of val
analogWrite(ledpin,val/4);// turn on the LED and set up brightness（maximum output value 255）
delay(10);// wait for 0.01
}

Result:
After downloading the program, you can change the light strength around the photovaristor and see corresponding brightness change of the LED.
Photovaristors has various applications in our everyday life. You can make other interesting interactive projects based on this one.

Project 11: Flame Sensor

Introduction:
Flame sensor (Infrared receiving triode) is specially used on robots to find the fire source. This sensor is of high sensitivity to flame.

Working Principle:
Flame sensor is based on the principle that infrared ray is highly sensitive to flame. It has an infrared receiving tube specially designed to detect fire, and then convert the flame brightness into fluctuating level signal. The signals are then input into the central processor and be dealt with accordingly.

Sensor Connection:
The shorter lead of the receiving triode is for negative, the other one for positive. Connect negative to 5V pin, positive to resistor; connect the other end of the resistor to GND, connect one end of a jumper wire to a clip which is electrically connected to sensor positive, the other end to analog pin. As shown below:

Hardware Required:

• Flame sensor *1
• Control board *1
• Buzzer *1
• 10K resistor *1
• USB cable *1
• Breadboard jumper wire * 6

Experiment Connection:
1）Connecting buzzer:
Connect the controller board, prototype board, breadboard and USB cable according to the Arduino tutorial. Connect the buzzer to digital pin 8.

2）Connecting flame sensor:
Connect the sensor to analog pin 0.

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

Experiment Principle:
When it's approaching a fire, the voltage value the analog port reads differs. If you use a multimeter, when there is no fire approaching, the voltage it reads is around 0.3V; when there is fire approaching, the voltage it reads is around 1.0V. The nearer the fire is, the higher the voltage is.
So in the beginning of the program, you can initialize voltage value i (no fire value); Then, continuously read the analog voltage value j and obtain difference value k=j-i; compare k with 0.6V (123 in binary) to determine whether there is a fire approaching or not; if yes, the buzzer will buzz.

Sample Code:

int flame=0;// select analog pin 0 for the sensor
 int Beep=9;// select digital pin 9 for the buzzer
 int val=0;// initialize variable
 void setup() 
{
  pinMode(Beep,OUTPUT);// set LED pin as “output”
 pinMode(flame,INPUT);// set buzzer pin as “input”
 Serial.begin(9600);// set baud rate at “9600”
 } 
void loop() 
{ 
  val=analogRead(flame);// read the analog value of the sensor 
  Serial.println(val);// output and display the analog value
  if(val>=600)// when the analog value is larger than 600, the buzzer will buzz
  {  
   digitalWrite(Beep,HIGH); 
   }else 
   {  
     digitalWrite(Beep,LOW); 
    }
   delay(500); 
}

Result:
This program can simulate an alarm when there is a fire. Everything is normal when there is no fire; when there is fire, the alarm will be set off immediately.

Project 12: LM35 Temperature Sensor

Introduction:
LM35 is a common and easy-to-use temperature sensor. It does not require other hardware. You just need an analog port to make it work. The difficulty lies in compiling the code to convert the analog value it reads to celsius temperature.

Hardware Required:
1.LM35*1
2.Control board *1
3.Breadboard*1
4.USB cable *1
5.Breadboard jumper wire *5

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

Sample Code:

int potPin = 0; // initialize analog pin 0 for LM35 temperature sensor
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);// set baud rate at”9600”
}
void loop()
{
int val;// define variable
int dat;// define variable
val=analogRead(0);// read the analog value of the sensor and assign it to val
dat=(125*val)>>8;// temperature calculation formula
Serial.print("Tep:");// output and display characters beginning with Tep
Serial.print(dat);// output and display value of dat
Serial.println("C");// display “C” characters
delay(500);// wait for 0.5 second
}

Result:
After downloading the program, you can open the monitoring window to see the current temperature.

Project 13: Tilt Switch

Introduction:
Tilt switch controlling the LED ON and OFF.

Hardware Required:
1.Ball switch*1
2.Control board *1
3.Led *1
4.220Ω resistor*1
5.10KΩ resistor*1
6.USB cable *1
7.Breadboard jumper wire *5

Connect the ball tilt switch, LED and resistors to control board. Connect the LED to digital pin 8, ball switch to analog pin 5. Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

Experiment Principle:
When one end of the switch is below horizontal position, the switch is on. The voltage of the analog port is about 5V (1023 in binary). The LED will be on.
When the other end of the switch is below horizontal position, the switch is off. The voltage of the analog port is about 0V (0 in binary). The LED will be off.
In the program, we determine whether the switch is on or off according to the voltage value of the analog port, whether it's above 2.5V (512 in binary) or not.

Sample Code:

void setup() 
{ 
  pinMode(8,OUTPUT);// set digital pin 8 as “output” 
} 
void loop() 
{ 
int i;// define variable i 
while(1) 
{ 
  i=analogRead(5);// read the voltage value of analog pin 5 
  if(i>512)// if larger that 512（2.5V） 
  { 
    digitalWrite(8,LOW);// turn on LED 
  } 
  else// otherwise 
  { 
    digitalWrite(8,HIGH);// turn off LED 
  } 
 } 
}

Result:
Hold the breadboard with your hand. Tilt it to a certain extent, the LED will be on. If there is no tilt, the LED will be off.
The principle of this experiment can be applied to relay control.
Experiment is completed.Thank you!

Project 14: IR Remote Control

Introduction:
What is an infrared receiver?
The signal from the infrared remote controller is a series of binary pulse code. To avoid interference from other infrared signals during the wireless transmission, the signal is pre-modulate at a specific carrier frequency and then send out by an infrared emission diode. The infrared receiving device needs to filter out other wave and receive signal at that specific frequency and modulate it back to binary pulse code, known as demodulation.

Working Principle:
The built-in receiver converts the light signal it received from the sender into feeble electrical signal. The signal will be amplified by the IC amplifier. After automatic gain control, band-pass filtering, demodulation, wave shaping, it returns to the original code. The code is then input to the code identification circuit by the receiver's signal output pin.
The pin and the connection of the infrared receiving head.

Pin and wiring of infrared receiver:

Infrared receiver has 3 pins.
When you use it, connect VOUT to analog pin, GND to GND, VCC to +5V.

Hardware Required:

• Infrared remote controller x1
• Infrared receiver x1
• LED x6
• 220Ω resistor x6
• Breadboard wire x 10

Connection Diagram:
First, connect the controller board; then connect the infrared receiver as the above mentioned, connect VOUT to digital pin 11, connect the LEDs with resistors and connect the resistors to pin2,3,4,5,6,7.

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:



Experimental Principle:
If you want to decode the code from a remote controller, you must first know how it's coded. The coding method we use here is NEC protocol. Below is a brief introduction.

NEC protocol:
Features：
(1) 8 bit address and 8 bit command length
(2) address and command are transmitted twice for reliability
(3) pulse distance modulation
(4) carrier frequency of 38 KHZ
(5) bit time of 1.125ms or 2.25ms

Protocol is as below:

• Definition of logical 0 and 1 is as below

• Pulse transmitted when button is pressed and immediately released.

The picture above shows a typical pulse train of the NEC protocol. With this protocol the LSB is transmitted first. In this case Address $59 and Command $16 is transmitted. A message is started by a 9ms AGC burst, which was used to set the gain of the earlier IR receivers.
This AGC burst is then followed by a 4.5ms space, which is then followed by the address and command. Address and Command are transmitted twice. The second time all bits are inverted and can be used for verification of the received message. The total transmission time is constant because every bit is repeated with its inverted length. If you are not interested in this reliability, you can ignore the inverted values, or you can expand the Address and Command to 16 bits each!

• Pulse transmitted when button is pressed and released after a period of time

A command is transmitted only once, even when the key on the remote control remains pressed. Every 110ms a repeat code is transmitted for as long as the key remains down. This repeat code is simply a 9ms AGC pulse followed by a 2.25ms space and a 560µs burst.

• Repeat pulse

Note: when the pulse enters the integrated receiver, there will be decoding, signal amplifying and wave shaping process. So you need to make sure the level of the output is just the opposite from that of the signal sending end. That is when there is no infrared signal, the output end is in high level; when there is infrared signal, the output end is in low level. You can see the pulse of the receiving end in the oscilloscope. Try to better understand the program base on what you see.

Sample Code:
Note： add IRremote folder into installation directory \Arduino\compiler libraries, or it will fail to compile.
For example：C:\Program Files\Arduino\libraries

#include <IRremote.h>
int RECV_PIN = 11;
int LED1 = 2;
int LED2 = 3;
int LED3 = 4;
int LED4 = 5;
int LED5 = 6;
int LED6 = 7;
long on1  = 0x00FF6897;
long off1 = 0x00FF9867;
long on2 = 0x00FFB04F;
long off2 = 0x00FF30CF;
long on3 = 0x00FF18E7;
long off3 = 0x00FF7A85;
long on4 = 0x00FF10EF;
long off4 = 0x00FF38C7;
long on5 = 0x00FF5AA5;
long off5 = 0x00FF42BD;
long on6 = 0x00FF4AB5;
long off6 = 0x00FF52AD;
IRrecv irrecv(RECV_PIN);
decode_results results;
// Dumps out the decode_results structure.
// Call this after IRrecv::decode()
// void * to work around compiler issue
//void dump(void *v) {
//  decode_results *results = (decode_results *)v
void dump(decode_results *results) {
  int count = results->rawlen;
  if (results->decode_type == UNKNOWN) 
    {
     Serial.println("Could not decode message");
    } 
  else 
   {
    if (results->decode_type == NEC) 
      {
       Serial.print("Decoded NEC: ");
      } 
    else if (results->decode_type == SONY) 
      {
       Serial.print("Decoded SONY: ");
      } 
    else if (results->decode_type == RC5) 
      {
       Serial.print("Decoded RC5: ");
      } 
    else if (results->decode_type == RC6) 
      {
       Serial.print("Decoded RC6: ");
      }
     Serial.print(results->value, HEX);
     Serial.print(" (");
     Serial.print(results->bits, DEC);
     Serial.println(" bits)");
   }
     Serial.print("Raw (");
     Serial.print(count, DEC);
     Serial.print("): ");
 for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) 
     {
      if ((i % 2) == 1) {
      Serial.print(results->rawbuf[i]*USECPERTICK, DEC);
     } 
    else  
     {
      Serial.print(-(int)results->rawbuf[i]*USECPERTICK, DEC);
     }
    Serial.print(" ");
     }
      Serial.println("");
     }
void setup()
 {
  pinMode(RECV_PIN, INPUT);   
  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED3, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED4, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED5, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED6, OUTPUT);  
  pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
   irrecv.enableIRIn(); // Start the receiver
 }
int on = 0;
unsigned long last = millis();

void loop() 
{
  if (irrecv.decode(&results)) 
   {
    // If it's been at least 1/4 second since the last
    // IR received, toggle the relay
    if (millis() - last > 250) 
      {
       on = !on;
//       digitalWrite(8, on ? HIGH : LOW);
       digitalWrite(13, on ? HIGH : LOW);
       dump(&results);
      }
    if (results.value == on1 )
       digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH);
    if (results.value == off1 )
       digitalWrite(LED1, LOW); 
    if (results.value == on2 )
       digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);
    if (results.value == off2 )
       digitalWrite(LED2, LOW); 
    if (results.value == on3 )
       digitalWrite(LED3, HIGH);
    if (results.value == off3 )
       digitalWrite(LED3, LOW);
    if (results.value == on4 )
       digitalWrite(LED4, HIGH);
    if (results.value == off4 )
       digitalWrite(LED4, LOW); 
    if (results.value == on5 )
       digitalWrite(LED5, HIGH);
    if (results.value == off5 )
       digitalWrite(LED5, LOW); 
    if (results.value == on6 )
       digitalWrite(LED6, HIGH);
    if (results.value == off6 )
       digitalWrite(LED6, LOW);        
    last = millis();      
irrecv.resume(); // Receive the next value
  }
}

Program Function:
Decode the coded pulse signal emitted by the remote controller, then execute corresponding action according to the results of the decoding.
In this way, you are able to control your device with remote control.

Project 15: Analog Value Reading

Introduction:
In this experiment, we will begin the learning of analog I/O interfaces.
On an Arduino, there are 6 analog interfaces numbered from 0 to 5. These 6 interfaces can also be used as digital ones numbered as 14-19.
After a brief introduction, let's begin our project. Potentiometer used here is a typical output component of analog value that is familiar to us.
 

Hardware Required:

• Potentiometer *1
• UNO board *1
• Breadboard*1
• USB cable *1
• Breadboard jumper wire * 3

Circuit Connection:
In this experiment, we will convert the resistance value of the potentiometer to analog ones, and display the analog value on the screen.
This is an application we need to master well for our future experiments.
Connection circuit as below:

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

The analog interface we use here is interface A0.

Sample Code:
The program compiling is simple. An analogRead () Statement can read the value of the interface. The A/D acquisition of Arduino 328 is in 10 bits, so the value it reads is among 0 to 1023.
One difficulty in this project is to display the value on the screen, which is actually easy to learn.
First, we need to set the baud rate in voidsetup (). Displaying the value is a communication between Arduino and PC, so the baud rate of the Arduino should match the one in the PC's software setup. Otherwise, the display will be messy codes or no display at all.
In the lower right corner of the Arduino software monitor window, there is a button for baud rate set up. The setup here needs to match the one in the program.
The statement in the program is Serial.begin(); enclosed is the baud rate value, followed by statement for displaying. You can either use Serial.print() or Serial.println() statement. 

int potpin=0;// initialize analog pin 0
int ledpin=13;// initialize digital pin 13
int val=0;// define val, assign initial value 0
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);// set digital pin as “output”
Serial.begin(9600);// set baud rate at 9600

}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH);// turn on the LED on pin 13
delay(50);// wait for 0.05 second
digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);// turn off the LED on pin 13
delay(50);// wait for 0.05 second
val=analogRead(potpin);// read the analog value of analog pin 0, and assign it to val 
Serial.println(val);// display val’s value
}

Result:
The sample program uses the built-in LED connected to pin 13. Each time the device reads a value, the LED blinks once.
Below is the analog value it reads.

When you rotate the potentiometer knob, you can see the displayed value change. The reading of analog value is a very common function since most sensors output analog value. After calculation, we can have the corresponding value we need.
The experiment is now complete. Thank you.

Project 16: 74HC595

Introduction:
To put it simply, 74HC595 is a combination of 8-digit shifting register, memorizer and equipped with tri-state output. Here, we use it to control 8 LEDs.
You may wonder why use a 74HC595 to control LED? Well, think about how many I/O it takes for an Arduino to control 8 LEDs? Yes, 8.
For an Arduino, it has only 20 I/O including analog ports. So, to save port resources, we use 74HC595 to reduce the number of ports it needs. Using 74HC595 enables us to use 3 digital I/O port to control 8 LEDs!

The 74HC595 devices contain an 8-bit serial-in, parallel-out shift register that feeds an 8-bit D-type storage register. The storage register has parallel 3-state outputs. Separate clocks are provided for both the shift and storage register.
The shift register has a direct overriding clear (SRCLR) input, serial (SER) input, and serial outputs for cascading. When the output-enable (OE) input is high, the outputs are in the high-impedance state. Both the shift register clock (SRCLK) and storage register clock (RCLK) are positive-edge triggered. If both clocks are connected together, the shift register always is one clock pulse ahead of the storage register.

Hardware Required:

• 74HC595 chip*1
• UNO board *1
• Red M5 LED*4
• Green M5 LED*4
• 220Ω resistor*8
• Breadboard*1
• USB cable *1
• Breadboard jumper wires*several

Circuit Connection
Note: for pin 13 OE port of 74HC595, it needs to connect to GND.

Connection for UNO R3 and 2560 R3:

The circuit may seem complicated, but soon you will find it easy!

Sample Code:

int data = 2;// set pin 14 of 74HC595as data input pin SI 
int clock = 5;// set pin 11 of 74hc595 as clock pin SCK
int latch = 4;// set pin 12 of 74hc595 as output latch RCK 
int ledState = 0;
const int ON = HIGH;
const int OFF = LOW;
void setup()
{
pinMode(data, OUTPUT);
pinMode(clock, OUTPUT);
pinMode(latch, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
for(int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
{
updateLEDs(i);
delay(500);
}
}
void updateLEDs(int value)
{
digitalWrite(latch, LOW);//
shiftOut(data, clock, MSBFIRST, ~value);// serial data “output”, high level first
digitalWrite(latch, HIGH);// latch
}

Result:
After downloading the program, you can see 8 LEDs display 8-bit binary number.